ABSTRACT
Strengthening routine immunization is one of the four prongs of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Using data collected through 30-cluster sample household surveys of caretakers of children aged 12-23 months, this paper assessed the effectiveness of house-to-house visits on routine oral polio immunization completion, using simple frequency tables, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Logistic regression results demonstrated that children in households where the caregivers reported receiving a household visit by health workers were more likely to be fully immunized for polio through routine immunization than other children, although results were significant only after correcting for confounders. In Ethiopia and India, children of caregivers who remembered a house-to-house visit were significantly and positively associated with routine polio vaccination completion (OR=2.2 and OR=2.2 respectively). In Angola, the association was positive, though not significant (OR=1.3). The evidence suggests that targeting high-risk areas for house-to-house visits played a role in increasing routine polio vaccination.
ABSTRACT
OBJETIVOS: Hay poca información acerca de las causas de mortalidad en niños menores de cinco años en casi todos los países donde la mortalidad alcanza las cifras más altas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue usar un protocolo computadorizado estandarizado para determinar cuáles son las principales causas de muerte entre los niños de una zona rural de Haití que tiene tasas de mortalidad elevadas, así como llamar la atención a la necesidad de realizar estudios semejantes en otros lugares de Haití y en todas las zonas de América Latina y el Caribe donde la mortalidad es alta. MÉTODOS: En 2001 se administró un cuestionario estándar de autopsia verbal a base de preguntas cerradas, respaldado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, a una muestra poblacional representativa de las madres o guardianes de 97 niños que habían fallecido entre 1995 y 1999 antes de cumplir los 5 años de edad en la zona atendida por el Hospital Albert Schweitzer, situado en el valle rural de Artibonita en Haití. Los datos obtenidos mediante los cuestionarios permitieron crear un algoritmo computadorizado para generar los diagnósticos asociados con la causa de muerte. El algoritmo daba cabida a más de una causa de muerte. RESULTADOS: La infección respiratoria baja (IRB) fue el diagnóstico más frecuente, habiéndose encontrado en 45% de las defunciones de niños menores de 5 años. Le siguieron las enfermedades entéricas, que se hallaron en 21% de los casos. El tétanos neonatal, el nacimiento prematuro y otras causas neonatales tempranas que no se asociaban con una IRB ni con diarrea estuvieron presentes en 41% de los casos de muerte neonatal. Entre los niños de 1 a 59 meses de edad, se encontró el diagnóstico de IRB en 51% de los casos de defunción y el de alguna enfermedad entérica en 30%. Las defunciones se produjeron eminentemente en los primeros meses de vida, con 35% de ellas durante el primer mes. De las muertes neonatales, 27% tuvieron lugar durante el primer día de vida, y 80% en los primeros 10 días después de nacer...
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Cause of Death , Child Mortality , Hospitals, Rural/statistics & numerical data , Infant Mortality , Algorithms , Dehydration/etiology , Dehydration/mortality , Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted , Diarrhea, Infantile/complications , Diarrhea, Infantile/mortality , Follow-Up Studies , Haiti/epidemiology , Health Surveys , Infant, Newborn, Diseases/mortality , Medically Underserved Area , Mothers , Surveys and Questionnaires , Respiratory Tract Infections/mortality , Rural Population , Sampling StudiesABSTRACT
Community-based comprehensive primary healthcare programmes are a widely-promoted strategy for improving child survival in less-developed countries, but limited documentation exists concerning their effectiveness in actually reducing child mortality. This study examined the impact of a community-based comprehensive primary healthcare programme on child survival in Bolivia. Mortality rates from two intervention areas where Andean Rural Health Care (ARHC) had been conducting child-survival activities for 5-9 years were compared with those from two geographically-adjacent comparison areas that lacked such activities and that were virtually identical to the intervention areas in socioeconomic characteristics. Vital events were registered at the time of regular visit to all homes. In the comparison areas, limited services were available which reached only a small percentage of the population, while in the intervention areas, prenatal care, immunizations, growth monitoring, nutrition rehabilitation, and acute curative services were readily available to the entire population. In 1992-1993, the annual rates of mortality of children, aged less than five years, were 205.5 per 1,000 and 98.5 per 1,000 in the comparison and intervention areas respectively. The absolute difference in mortality of 107.0 deaths per 1,000 (95% confidence interval [CI], 72.7-141.3 per 1,000) represented 52.1% (95% CI, 35.2-68.8%) lower mortality of children aged less than five years in the intervention areas compared to the control communities. These results suggest that the provision of community-based, integrated health services can significantly improve child survival in poor countries. Better-designed and larger field trials of community-based comprehensive primary healthcare programmes in multiple regions of the world are needed to provide a stronger scientific basis for developing this approach further in developing countries.